|
|Section2= |Section3= |Section4= |Section7= |Section8= }} Vinyl chloride is an organochloride with the formula H2C=CHCl that is also called vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) or chloroethene. This colorless compound is an important industrial chemical chiefly used to produce the polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC).〔 About 13 billion kilograms are produced annually. VCM is among the top twenty largest petrochemicals (petroleum-derived chemicals) in world production. The United States currently remains the largest VCM manufacturing region because of its low-production-cost position in chlorine and ethylene raw materials. China is also a large manufacturer and one of the largest consumers of VCM.〔http://www.ihs.com/products/chemical/planning/ceh/vinyl-chloride-monomer.aspx〕 Vinyl chloride is a gas with a sweet odor. It is highly toxic, flammable, and carcinogenic. It can be formed in the environment when soil organisms break down "chlorinated" solvents. Vinyl chloride that is released by industries or formed by the breakdown of other chlorinated chemicals can enter the air and drinking water supplies. Vinyl chloride is a common contaminant found near landfills.〔"http://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/eh/chemfs/fs/vc.htm"〕 In the past VCM has been used as a refrigerant.〔"http://www.npi.gov.au/resource/vinyl-chloride-monomer-vcm"〕 == Production == Vinyl chloride was first produced in 1835 by Justus von Liebig and his student Henri Victor Regnault. They obtained it by treating 1,2-dichloroethane with a solution of potassium hydroxide in ethanol. In 1912, Fritz Klatte, a German chemist working for Griesheim-Elektron, patented a means to produce vinyl chloride from acetylene and hydrogen chloride using mercuric chloride as a catalyst. While this method was widely used during the 1930s and 1940s in the West, it has since been superseded by more economical processes based on ethylene in the United States and Europe. It remains the main production method in China. Vinyl chloride is produced on a substantial scale—approximately 31.1 million tons (7.5 Bel tons) were produced in 2000.〔Klaus Weissermel, Hans-Jürgen Arpe in "Industrial organic chemistry"〕 Two methods are employed, the hydrochlorination of acetylene and the dehydrochlorination of ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane). Numerous attempts have been made to convert ethane directly to vinyl chloride.〔E.-L. Dreher, T. R. Torkelson, K. K. Beutel "Chlorethanes and Chloroethylenes" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2011, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 〕 Vinyl chloride can also be obtained as byproducts in the synthesis of chlorofluorocarbons when saturated chlorofluorocarbons are catalytically dechlorinated by ethylene. Ethane sulfochlorination has been proposed as a route to produce vinyl chloride using sulfur instead of oxygen.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vinyl chloride」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|